Effects of Different Water and Fertilizer Management on Soil Water Stable Aggregates and Soil Water Holding Capacity in Viciavillosa Rothvar and Maize Rotation
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摘要:
目的 为了探讨苕子-玉米轮作模式下不同水肥管理对苕子养分累积量及玉米季土壤含水量、水分特征曲线、水稳性团聚体组成、有机质、玉米籽粒产量的影响。 方法 于2017年在云南省农业科学院嵩明县试验基地布置苕子-玉米轮作大田试验。将玉米季部分肥料前移至绿肥季、在绿肥季设置灌溉处理作为调控措施,设10个处理。于苕子盛花期采样测定苕子养分累积量,于玉米生长时期实时监测土壤温度和含水量,于玉米收获期采样测定各处理的玉米产量、土壤有机质、水分特征曲线和团聚体组分等指标。 结果 绿肥季施氮磷肥和灌溉处理玉米籽粒产量最高。整个玉米季,冬闲处理土壤含水量总体最低,绿肥季施氮磷肥处理土壤含水量总体较高。冬闲处理土壤饱和含水量最低,各种绿肥季施肥处理土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量较对照处理均有提高。绿肥季灌溉和施肥措施不同程度的增加了土壤 > 2 mm团聚体含量,减少了0.25 ~ 2 mm和 < 0.053 mm团聚体含量。绿肥季不施肥,进行灌溉处理的 > 0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量(WSAC0.25)、几何平均直径(GMD)和团聚体系数(KCTP)较对照处理分别降低了9.10%、17.52%和33.25%,其中WSAC0.25降幅显著。 结论 玉米季肥料前移至绿肥季不仅不影响玉米籽粒产量,绿肥季进行施肥灌溉还可有效增加后茬玉米籽粒产量。种植绿肥可以提升土壤持水能力,绿肥季施肥或灌溉处理可在土壤低吸力范围内进一步优化土壤持水性能。绿肥季施肥处理可通过较大幅度增加土壤中 > 2 mm团聚体含量来提高水稳性团聚体的稳定性,而绿肥季不施肥,进行灌溉处理则是通过更大幅度减少0.25 ~ 2 mm团聚体含量来降低水稳性团聚体的稳定性。 Abstract:Objective The aim of this study is to clarify the effects of different water and fertilizer managements on the nutrient accumulation of Viciavillosa Rothvar, soil moisture, water characteristic curve, composition of water-stable aggregate, organic matter and corn grain yield in maize season under rotation mode. Method The field experiment of Vetch ( Viciavillosa Rothvar) and maize rotation was set up in Songming Experimental Station of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 2017. As regulation measures, part of the fertilizer in the maize season was moved forward to the Vetch season, and the water irrigation treatment was set up for the green manure season. Ten treatments ware set up. The nutrient accumulation of Viciavillosa Rothvar was sampled and measured at the blooming stage, the soil temperature and humidity were monitored at the growing stage of maize, and the corn yield, soil organic matter, water characteristic curve and water-stable aggregate composition were sampled and measured at the harvesting stage of maize. Result The results showed that grain yield of maize was the highest under applying nitrogen, phosphorus fertilizer and irrigating in green manure season treatment and the soil moisture of winter fallow treatment was the lowest, while that of applying nitrogen, phosphorus fertilizer in green manure season treatment was the highest. winter fallow treatment had the lowest soil saturated water content, and the soil saturated content and field water holding capacity of all treatments of fertilization increased compared with no irrigation and fertilizer regulation in green manure season treatment. Irrigation and fertilization in green manure season increased the content of > 2 mm aggregates, while decreased the content of 0.25 – 2 mm and < 0.053 mm aggregates. Water stable aggregate (> 0.025 mm) contents (WSAC0.25), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and coefficient of aggregate (KCTP) in control with irrigation treatment decreased by 9.10%, 17.52% and 33.25%, respectively, compared with no irrigation and fertilizer regulation in green manure season treatment. Conclusion The advance application of fertilizer in maize season to green manure season does not affect the maize grain yield and applying fertilizer or irrigation in green manure season can effectively increase the maize grain yield. Planting green manure can improve soil water storage capacity. Fertilization or irrigation treatment in green manure season can further optimize soil water holding capacity in the range of low soil water suction. Fertilization in green manure season can improve the stability of water-stable aggregates by significantly increasing the content of > 2 mm aggregates, while irrigating in green manure season treatment can reduce the stability of water-stable aggregates by significantly reducing the content of 0.25-2 mm aggregates. -
表 1 不同施肥处理苕子与玉米肥料施用量
Table 1. Amounts of fertilizer application for Viciavillosa Rothvar and maize under different treatments
处理
Treatment施肥模式
Application
pattern苕子施肥量
Fertilizing amount for
Viciavillosa Rothvar
(kg hm−2)玉米施肥量
Fertilizing amount for maize
(kg hm−2)基肥
Base fertilizer一次追肥
The first
top dressing二次追肥
The second top dressingN P2O5 N P2O5 K2O N N CF 冬闲 0 0 54 90 105 81 135 CK 对照,绿肥季
无水肥调控0 0 54 90 105 81 135 N 绿肥季单施氮肥 42 0 54 90 105 81 135 EN 周年等氮
(主作物减氮)42 0 37.2 90 105 55.8 135 P 绿肥季单施磷肥 0 45 54 90 105 81 135 EP 周年等磷
(主作物减磷)0 45 54 45 105 81 135 NP 绿肥季氮肥和
磷肥都施用42 45 54 90 105 81 135 ENP 周年等氮磷
(主作物减氮磷)42 45 37.2 45 105 55.8 135 CKW 绿肥季不施肥,
进行灌溉处理0 0 54 90 105 81 135 NPW 绿肥季施氮磷肥和
灌溉处理42 45 54 90 105 81 135 表 2 不同水肥管理模式下水稳性团聚体、黏粒、有机质、土壤水分常数、玉米籽粒产量间的相关性矩阵
Table 2. Correlation matrix between water-stable aggregates, clay, soil organic matter, soil moisture constant and grain yield of maize under different water and fertilizer management patterns
相关系数
coefficient of
associationWSAC0.25
Water stable
aggregate content> 2 mm
团聚体
> 2 mm aggregate
content0.25 ~ 2 mm
团聚体
0.25 ~ 2 mm
aggregate content0.053 ~ 0.25 mm
团聚体
0.053 ~ 0.25 mm
aggregate content黏粒
Clay
content有机质
Soil organic
matter content饱和含水量
Saturation moisture
content田间持水量
Field
capacity玉米籽粒产量
Maize grain
yieldWSAC0.25 1 > 2 mm团聚体含量 0.511** 1 0.25 ~ 2 mm团聚体含量 0.083 −0.814** 1 0.053 ~ 0.25 mm团聚体含量 −0.381 −0.827** 0.744** 1 黏粒含量 −0.885** −0.125 −0.452* −0.160 1 有机质含量 0.424* 0.262 −0.017 −0.138 −0.373* 1 饱和含水量 0.027 0.157 −0.163 −0.057 −0.034 −0.535** 1 田间持水量 0.234 0.181 −0.052 −0.047 −0.221 −0.376* 0.431* 1 玉米籽粒产量 0.056 0.449* −0.477** −0.494** 0.175 0.110 0.129 0.323 1 注:*表示在0.05水平上显著相关;**表示在0.01水平上显著相关。 -
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