Temperature Sensitivity and Its Driving Factors of Soil Net Nitrogen Mineralization in the Bank Zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir
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摘要:
目的 三峡库岸带土壤氮矿化过程对三峡水库水体富营养化及生态安全影响显著，明确三峡库岸带土壤净氮矿化对温度升高的响应和驱动因子。 方法 在整个三峡库岸带分9个断面，分别采集消落区（高程145 ~ 155 m、155 ~ 165 m、165 ~ 175 m）和非淹水区（高程175 ~ 185 m）共108个表层土样，在15、22、29和36℃ 四个温度下培养28 d，测定培养前后土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量变化，计算净氨化速率、净硝化速率和净氮矿化速率及其对温度升高的响应。 结果 在四个温度下三峡库岸带土壤净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率均与高程显著正相关（P < 0.05），而净氨化速率在高程之间无显著差异（P > 0.05）；总体上，三峡库岸带净氮矿化速率的温度敏感性（Q10）在0.62 ~ 3.21之间，且消落区比非淹水区土壤净氮矿化对升温更加敏感。降雨是消落区和非淹水区Q10变化的共同驱动因子；此外，消落区Q10与高程、pH值、年均降水量、微生物生物量碳（P < 0.05）以及到三峡大坝的距离呈显著负相关（P < 0.01）。 结论 在未来气候变暖条件下，与非淹水区相比，预期将有更多消落区氮素通过矿化途径进入水体，进而增加三峡水体营养负荷。 Abstract:Objective The process of soil nitrogen mineralization in the bank zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir has a significant impact on water eutrophication and ecological security of the Three Gorges reservoir. However, the response and driving factors of soil nitrogen mineralization to warming have not been paid attention. Method A total of 108 topsoils were collected from the riparian area (elevation 145-155 m, 155-165 m, 165-175 m) and the non-flooded area (elevation 175-185m) of the Three Gorges Reservoir bank zone in nine sections of the Yangtze river. The soils were incubated at 15, 22, 29 and 36℃ for 28 days. The contents of soil ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen before and after incubation were measured, and the net ammoniation rate, net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate and their response to warming were calculated. Result The results showed that the soil net nitrification rate and net nitrogen mineralization rate in the reservoir bank were significantly positively correlated with the elevation under the four temperatures (P < 0.05), but the net ammoniation rate had no significant difference between the elevations (P > 0.05). In general, the temperature sensitivity (Q10) of the net nitrogen mineralization rate in the reservoir bank is between 0.62 and 3.21, and the soil net nitrogen mineralization in the riparian area is more sensitive to warming than that in the non-flooded area. Rainfall is the common driving factor of Q10 change in the riparian area and non-flooded area. In addition, Q10 in the riparian area was significantly negatively correlated with elevation, pH value, annual precipitation, microbial biomass carbon (P < 0.05) and the distance to the Three Gorges Dam (P < 0.01). Conclusion Therefore, it is expected more nitrogen in the riparian area will enter the water through mineralization, thus increasing the eutrophication load of the Three Gorges reservoir in the context of global warming. -
图 1 三峡库区库岸带采样点站位示意
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of sampling sites in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
图 2 2010-2022年三峡库区水位波动（a）及库岸带淹水时间（b）
Figure 2. Water level fluctuations (a) and flooding time (b) of the bank zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area from 2010 to 2022
图 3 三峡库岸带土壤净氨化速率、净硝化速率、净氮矿化速率与水位高程的关系（n = 108）
水位高程145 m ~ 175 m为消落区；水位高程175 m ~ 185 m为非淹水区，每个点为采样点的平均水位高程，下同。
Figure 3. Relationship of soil net ammonification rate, net nitrification rate, and net nitrogen mineralization rate with the bank zone altitude of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area (n = 108)
图 4 温度敏感性 （Q10） 随库岸带水位高程的变化 （n = 108）
Figure 4. Variation of temperature sensitivity (Q10) with the water level altitude of the reservoir bank (n = 108)
图 5 消落区（a）和未淹水区（b）净氮矿化Q10与土壤、环境因子的相关性
SOC：总有机碳，MBC：微生物生物量碳，DOC：溶解性有机碳，CN：碳氮比，MAP：年均降水量，MAT：年均温，Clay：黏粒含量，Silt：粉粒含量，Sand：砂砾含量，BD：土壤容重，TC：总碳，TN：总氮，Slope：库岸带坡度，Distance：采样点到三峡大坝的距离，AGB：地上植物生物量，WL：库岸带高程。
Figure 5. Correlation of Q10 of net nitrogen mineralization rate in riparian area (a) and non-flooding area (b) with soil and environmental factors
表 1 三峡库岸带土壤特性描述性统计
Table 1. Descriptive statistics of soil characteristics in the bank zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir
土壤指标
Soil index样本数
Number最小值
Minimum最大值
Maximum平均值
Mean标准差
Std. Deviation变异系数（%）
Coefficient of variationSOC （g kg–1） 108 3.79 61.59 23.07 10.51 45.55 TN （g kg–1） 108 0.39 3.86 1.34 0.58 43.15 C∶N 108 5.86 44.14 18.73 8.92 47.61 pH 108 7.07 8.38 7.75 0.31 4.08 NH4-N （mg kg–1） 108 7.55 41.70 16.01 7.00 43.75 NO3-N （mg kg–1） 108 2.08 44.94 11.80 8.91 75.48 MBC （mg kg–1） 108 45.52 1181.32 439.62 19.53 4.44 DOC （mg kg–1） 108 25.61 355.15 102.64 6.36 6.19 BD （g cm–3） 108 0.90 1.6 1.25 0.02 1.60 Clay （%） 108 9.0 48.0 33.0 0.60 1.81 Sand （%） 108 8.0 69.0 31.0 1.39 4.48 AGB （g m–2） 108 39.39 519.73 178.98 8.45 4.72 注：SOC：土壤有机碳, TN：总氮，碳氮比：C:N，铵态氮：NH4-N，硝态氮：NO3-N，MBC：微生物量碳，DOC：溶解性有机碳，BD：容重，Clay：粘粒，Sand：砂砾，AGB：地上生物量。 
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表 2 消落区和非淹水区土壤性质
Table 2. Soil properties in the riparian area and non-flooding area
采样点
Site区域
Region样本数
Number土壤有机碳
SOC
（g kg–1）总氮
TN
（g kg–1）碳氮比
C∶NpH 微生物量碳
MBC
（mg kg–1）溶解性有机碳
DOC
（mg kg–1）容重
BD
（g cm–3）粘粒
Clay
（%）砂砾
Sand
（%）地上生物量
AGB
（g m–2）WB WLF 9 15.9 ± 1.6 1.3 ± 0.2 14.7 ± 1.9 7.90 ± 0.09 410.5 ± 58.4 114.7 ± 4.3 1.33 ± 0.81 26.2 ± 1.1 42.7 ± 4.2 187.6 ± 78.4 NF 3 14.6 ± 1.4 1.8 ± 0.1 10.6 ± 0.4 7.98 ± 0.01 430.3 ± 129.4 134.9 ± 23.8 1.23 ± 0.04 31.7 ± 1.8 31.7 ± 1.5 202.5 ± 85.5 RX WLF 9 17.9 ± 1.1 1.6 ± 0.1 14.0 ± 0.5 7.76 ± 0.05 376.7 ± 59.1 111.6 ± 22.6 1.34 ± 0.55 36.0 ± 1.2 12.6 ± 1.1 224.7 ± 55.2 NF 3 37.1 ± 7.8 3.1 ± 0.6 12.9 ± 1.3 7.70 ± 0.14 714.8 ± 125.8 50.3 ± 6.4 1.25 ± 0.18 32.7 ± 1.3 23.6 ± 2.9 258.6 ± 85.5 PX WLF 9 16.7 ± 1.6 1.6 ± 0.1 13.0 ± 0.6 7.54 ± 0.03 400.9 ± 58.2 215.9 ± 26.8 1.21 ± 0.05 33.8 ± 1.6 31.1 ± 4.4 140.8 ± 90.1 NF 3 15.7 ± 3.4 1.6 ± 0.4 10.9 ± 0.7 7.68 ± 0.02 355.6 ± 207.2 223.9 ± 35.5 1.21 ± 0.04 23.3 ± 3.5 55.7 ± 7.5 142.6 ± 73.5 DN WLF 9 36.2 ± 3.5 1.6 ± 0.3 28.6 ± 3.2 7.57 ± 0.04 555.5 ± 30.5 78.2 ± 11.1 1.27 ± 0.04 39.0 ± 1.1 16.2 ± 8.0 120.9 ± 49.2 NF 3 24.2 ± 4.7 1.4 ± 0.3 23.2 ± 3.6 7.50 ± 0.09 460.2 ± 109.9 34.9 ± 3.7 1.21 ± 0.02 36.7 ± 3.5 24.0 ± 0.8 215.2 ± 8.5 TZ WLF 9 10.8 ± 1.4 1.2 ± 0.1 9.9 ± 0.74 7.61 ± 0.08 239.7 ± 52.2 111.6 ± 22.6 1.34 ± 0.45 31.3 ± 1.8 43.7 ± 3.2 143.7 ± 79.9 NF 3 17.1 ± 4.9 1.6 ± 0.8 10.9 ± 0.9 7.65 ± 0.08 460.9 ± 43.8 50.4 ± 6.4 1.46 ± 0.08 30.0 ± 2.6 51.7 ± 2.7 236.7 ± 64.6 XX WLF 9 17.7 ± 1.7 1.7 ± 0.2 10.9 ± 0.31 7.22 ± 0.03 448.6 ± 70.6 61.4 ± 5.5 1.29 ± 0.03 37.0 ± 1.3 35.1 ± 2.6 124.3 ± 49.3 NF 3 12.7 ± 2.9 1.4 ± 0.5 10.1 ± 5.5 7.22 ± 0.05 469.3 ± 198.1 55.6 ± 11.5 1.31 ± 0.07 34.0 ± 3.1 43.33 ± 4.9 126.3 ± 55.3 UP WLF 9 8.6 ± 0.7 0.7 ± 0.1 31.7 ± 2.7 8.14 ± 0.03 356.1 ± 35.8 78.2 ± 10.0 1.12 ± 0.06 30.4 ± 2.8 21.3 ± 2.8 285.2 ± 120.3 NF 3 9.2 ± 0.9 0.6 ± 0.1 29.1 ± 1.3 8.23 ± 0.07 736.8 ± 37.2 34.9 ± 3.7 1.11 ± 0.01 31.3 ± 3.80 29.0 ± 8.0 365.2 ± 87.3 MID WLF 9 10.2 ± 1.3 1.0 ± 0.13 20.5 ± 1.6 7.93 ± 0.04 446.1 ± 51.9 58.6 ± 9.1 1.11 ± 0.05 28.3 ± 1.4 36.6 ± 3.1 146.1 ± 44.1 NF 3 7.8 ± 0.6 0.8 ± 0.07 10.9 ± 0.2 7.72 ± 0.033 518.1 ± 5.3 38.1 ± 8.4 0.9 ± 0.01 32.7 ± 3.2 45.0 ± 7.8 150.1 ± 46.6 LOW WLF 9 12.1 ± 0.9 1.1 ± 0.06 18.3 ± 1.1 7.43 ± 0.03 431.7 ± 42.3 148.5 ± 11.6 1.3 ± 0.04 36.1 ± 1.1 24.8 ± 3.7 136.7 ± 9.7 NF 3 10.8 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.11 16.4 ± 1.1 7.43 ± 0.03 703.1 ± 270.5 128.9 ± 12.9 1.4 ± 0.03 43.7 ± 2.2 23.3 ± 3.3 158.1 ± 87.6 注：WB：五步河；LX：龙溪河；WJ：乌江；PX：彭溪河；DN：大宁河；TZ：童庄河；XX：香溪河；UP, MID和LOW分别表示长江上、中、下游。WLF表示消落区，NF表示非淹水区。
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表 3 不同生态系统土壤净矿化速率的Q10
Table 3. Q10 of soil net mineralization rate in different ecosystems
序号
Number生态系统
EcosystemQ 10均值
Mean Q 10参考文献
Reference1 湿地 1.25 ~ 1.43 赵琦齐等[38] 2 冻原 6.97 ~ 197.7 Mukai等[40] 3 森林 0.56 ~ 0.72 Mikan等[39] 4 湿地 1.05 ~ 4.44 高俊琴等[45] 5 草原 2.36 ~ 2.62 Liu等[46] 6 农田 1.15 ~ 1.47 Fu等[47] 7 农田 2.67 ~ 3.15 Miller等[48] 8 农业 1.66 ~ 1.85 Lei等[49] 9 湿地 1.38 ~ 2.31 赵春宇等[36] 10 三峡库岸带 0.62 ~ 3.21 本研究
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